over the door. Time: a little after midnight.

THE ECCLESIAZUSAE or Women In Council PRAXAGORA (_enters carrying a lamp in her hand_). Oh! thou shining light of my earthenware lamp, from this high spot shalt thou look abroad. Oh! lamp, I will tell thee thine origin and thy future; 'tis the rapid whirl of the potter's wheel that has lent thee thy shape, and thy wick counterfeits the glory of the sun; mayst thou send the agreed signal flashing afar! In thee alone do we confide, and thou art worthy, for thou art near us when we practise the various postures in which Aphrodité delights upon our couches, and none dream even in the midst of her sports of seeking to avoid thine eye that watches our swaying bodies. Thou alone shinest into the depths of our most secret charms, and with thy flame dost singe the hairy growth of our privates. If we open some cellar stored with fruits and wine, thou art our companion, and never dost thou betray or reveal to a neighbour the secrets thou hast learned about us. Therefore thou shalt know likewise the whole of the plot that I have planned with my friends, the women, at the festival of the Scirophoria. I see none of those I was expecting, though dawn approaches; the Assembly is about to gather and we must take our seats in spite of Phyromachus, who forsooth would say, "It is meet the women sit apart and hidden from the eyes of the men." Why, have they not been able then to procure the false beards that they must wear, or to steal their husbands cloaks? Ah! I see a light approaching; let us draw somewhat aside, for fear it should be a man.

Let us start, it is high time; as we left our dwellings, the cock was crowing for the second time.

PRAXAGORA: And I have spent the whole night waiting for you. But come, let us call our neighbour by scratching at her door; and gently too, so that her husband may hear nothing.

SECOND WOMAN: I was putting on my shoes, when I heard you scratching, for I was not asleep, so there! Oh! my dear, my husband (he is a Salaminian) never left me an instant's peace, but was at me, for ever at me, all night long, so that it was only just now that I was able to filch his cloak.

I see Clinareté coming too, along with Sostraté and their next-door neighbour Philaeneté.

PRAXAGORA: Hurry yourselves then, for Glycé has sworn that the last comer shall forfeit three measures of wine and a _choenix_ of pease.

FIRST WOMAN: Don't you see Melisticé, the wife of Smicythion, hurrying hither in her great shoes? Methinks she is the only one of us all who has had no trouble in getting rid of her husband.

And can't you see Gusistraté, the tavern-keeper's wife, with a lamp in her hand, and the wives of Philodoretus and Chaeretades?

PRAXAGORA: I can see many others too, indeed the whole of the flower of Athens.

THIRD WOMAN: Oh! my dear, I have had such trouble in getting away! My husband ate such a surfeit of sprats last evening that he was coughing and choking the whole night long.

PRAXAGORA: Take your seats, and, since you are all gathered here at last, let us see if what we decided on at the feast of the Scirophoria has been duly done.

Yes. Firstly, as agreed, I have let the hair under my armpits grow thicker than a bush; furthermore, whilst my husband was at the Assembly, I rubbed myself from head to foot with oil and then stood the whole day long in the sun.

FIFTH WOMAN: So did I. I began by throwing away my razor, so that I might get quite hairy, and no longer resemble a woman.

PRAXAGORA: Have you the beards that we had all to get ourselves for the Assembly?

Yea, by Hecaté! Is this not a fine one?

FIFTH WOMAN: Aye, much finer than Epicrates'. PRAXAGORA (_to the other women_). And you?

FOURTH WOMAN: Yes, yes; look, they all nod assent.

PRAXAGORA: I see that you have got all the rest too, Spartan shoes, staffs and men's cloaks, as 'twas arranged.

SIXTH WOMAN: I have brought Lamias' club, which I stole from him while he slept.

PRAXAGORA: What, the club that makes him puff and pant with its weight?

By Zeus the Deliverer, if he had the skin of Argus, he would know better than any other how to shepherd the popular herd.

PRAXAGORA: But come, let us finish what has yet to be done, while the stars are still shining; the Assembly, at which we mean to be present, will open at dawn.

FIRST WOMAN: Good; you must take up your place at the foot of the platform and facing the Prytanes.

SIXTH WOMAN: I have brought this with me to card during the Assembly. (_She shows some wool._)

During the Assembly, wretched woman?

SIXTH WOMAN: Aye, by Artemis! shall I hear any less well if I am doing a bit of carding? My little ones are all but naked.

PRAXAGORA: Think of her wanting to card! whereas we must not let anyone see the smallest part of our bodies. 'Twould be a fine thing if one of us, in the midst of the discussion, rushed on to the speaker's platform and, flinging her cloak aside, showed her hairy privates. If, on the other hand, we are the first to take our seats closely muffled in our cloaks, none will know us. Let us fix these beards on our chins, so that they spread all over our bosoms. How can we fail then to be mistaken for men? Agyrrhius has deceived everyone, thanks to the beard of Pronomus; yet he was no better than a woman, and you see how he now holds the first position in the city. Thus, I adjure you by this day that is about to dawn, let us dare to copy him and let us be clever enough to possess ourselves of the management of affairs. Let us save the vessel of State, which just at present none seems able either to sail or row.

But where shall we find orators in an Assembly of women?

PRAXAGORA: Nothing simpler. Is it not said, that the cleverest speakers are those who submit themselves oftenest to men? Well, thanks to the gods, we are that by nature.

SIXTH WOMAN: There's no doubt of that; but the worst of it is our inexperience.

PRAXAGORA: That's the very reason we are gathered here, in order to prepare the speech we must make in the Assembly. Hasten, therefore, all you who know aught of speaking, to fix on your beards.

Oh! you great fool! is there ever a one among us cannot use her tongue?

PRAXAGORA: Come, look sharp, on with your beard and become a man. As for me, I will do the same in case I should have a fancy for getting on to the platform. Here are the chaplets.

SECOND WOMAN: Oh! great gods! my dear Praxagora, do look here! Is it not laughable?

PRAXAGORA: How laughable?

SECOND WOMAN: Our beards look like broiled cuttle-fishes.

The priest is bringing in--the cat. Make ready, make ready! Silence, Ariphrades! Go and take your seat. Now, who wishes to speak?

PRAXAGORA: Then put on this chaplet and success be with you.

SEVENTH WOMAN: There, 'tis done!

PRAXAGORA: Well then! begin.

SEVENTH WOMAN: Before drinking?

PRAXAGORA: Hah! she wants to drink!

SEVENTH WOMAN: Why, what else is the meaning of this chaplet?

PRAXAGORA: Get you hence! you would probably have played us this trick also before the people.

The priest is bringing in--the cat. Make ready, make ready! Silence, Ariphrades! Go and take your seat. Now, who wishes to speak?

PRAXAGORA: Then put on this chaplet and success be with you.

SEVENTH WOMAN: There, 'tis done!

PRAXAGORA: Well then! begin.

SEVENTH WOMAN: Before drinking?

PRAXAGORA: Hah! she wants to drink!

SEVENTH WOMAN: Why, what else is the meaning of this chaplet?

PRAXAGORA: Get you hence! you would probably have played us this trick also before the people.

Well! don't the men drink then in the Assembly?

PRAXAGORA: Now she's telling us the men drink!

SEVENTH WOMAN: Aye, by Artemis, and neat wine too. That's why their decrees breathe of drunkenness and madness. And why libations, why so many ceremonies, if wine plays no part in them? Besides, they abuse each other like drunken men, and you can see the archers dragging more than one uproarious drunkard out of the Agora.

Go back to your seat, you are wandering.

SEVENTH WOMAN: Ah! I should have done better not to have muffled myself in this beard; my throat's afire and I feel I shall die of thirst.

PRAXAGORA: Who else wishes to speak?

PRAXAGORA: Quick then, take the chaplet, for time's running short. Try to speak worthily, let your language be truly manly, and lean on your staff with dignity.

EIGHTH WOMAN: I had rather have seen one of your regular orators giving you wise advice; but, as that is not to be, it behoves me to break silence; I cannot, for my part indeed, allow the tavern-keepers to fill up their wine-pits with water. No, by the two goddesses....

What? by the two goddesses! Wretched woman, where are your senses?

EIGHTH WOMAN: Eh! what?... I have not asked you for a drink!

PRAXAGORA: No, but you want to pass for a man, and you swear by the two goddesses. Otherwise 'twas very well.

EIGHTH WOMAN: Well then. By Apollo....

PRAXAGORA: Stop! All these details of language must be adjusted; else it is quite useless to go to the Assembly.

SEVENTH WOMAN: Pass me the chaplet; I wish to speak again, for I think I have got hold of something good. You women who are listening to me....

Women again; why, wretched creature, 'tis men that you are addressing.

SEVENTH WOMAN: 'Tis the fault of Epigonus; I caught sight of him over yonder, and I thought I was speaking to women.

PRAXAGORA: Come, withdraw and remain seated in future. I am going to take this chaplet myself and speak in your name. May the gods grant success to my plans! My country is as dear to me as it is to you, and I groan, I am grieved at all that is happening in it. Scarcely one in ten of those who rule it is honest, and all the others are bad. If you appoint fresh chiefs, they will do still worse. It is hard to correct your peevish humour; you fear those who love you and throw yourselves at the feet of those who betray you. There was a time when we had no assemblies, and then we all thought Agyrrhius a dishonest man; now they are established, he who gets money thinks everything is as it should be, and he who does not, declares all who sell their votes to be worthy of death.

By Aphrodité, that is well spoken.

PRAXAGORA: Why, wretched woman, you have actually called upon Aphrodité. Oh! what a fine thing 'twould have been had you said that in the Assembly!

FIRST WOMAN: I should never have done that!

PRAXAGORA: Well, mind you don't fall into the habit.--When we were discussing the alliance, it seemed as though it were all over with Athens if it fell through. No sooner was it made than we were vexed and angry, and the orator who had caused its adoption was compelled to seek safety in flight. Is there talk of equipping a fleet? The poor man says, yes, but the rich citizen and the countryman say, no. You were angered against the Corinthians and they with you; now they are well disposed towards you, be so towards them. As a rule the Argives are dull, but the Argive Hieronymus is a distinguished chief. Herein lies a spark of hope; but Thrasybulus is far from Athens and you do not recall him.

Oh! what a brilliant man!

PRAXAGORA: That's better! that's fitting applause.--Citizens, 'tis you who are the cause of all this trouble. You vote yourselves salaries out of the public funds and care only for your own personal interests; hence the State limps along like Aesimus. But if you hearken to me, you will be saved. I assert that the direction of affairs must be handed over to the women, for 'tis they who have charge and look after our households.

Very good, very good, 'tis perfect! Say on, say on.

PRAXAGORA: They are worth more than you are, as I shall prove. First of all they wash all their wool in warm water, according to the ancient practice; you will never see them changing their method. Ah! if Athens only acted thus, if it did not take delight in ceaseless innovations, would not its happiness be assured? Then the women sit down to cook, as they always did; they carry things on their head as was their wont; they keep the Thesmophoria, as they have ever done; they knead their cakes just as they used to; they make their husbands angry as they have always done; they receive their lovers in their houses as was their constant custom; they buy dainties as they always did; they love unmixed wine as well as ever; they delight in being loved just as much as they always have. Let us therefore hand Athens over to them without endless discussions, without bothering ourselves about what they will do; let us simply hand them over the power, remembering that they are mothers and will therefore spare the blood of our soldiers; besides, who will know better than a mother how to forward provisions to the front? Woman is adept at getting money for herself and will not easily let herself be deceived; she understands deceit too well herself. I omit a thousand other advantages. Take my advice and you will live in perfect happiness.

How beautiful this is, my dearest Praxagora, how clever! But where, pray, did you learn all these pretty things?

PRAXAGORA: When the countryfolk were seeking refuge in the city, I lived on the Pnyx with my husband, and there I learnt to speak through listening to the orators.

FIRST WOMAN: Then, dear, 'tis not astonishing that you are so eloquent and clever; henceforward you shall be our leader, so put your great ideas into execution. But if Cephalus belches forth insults against you, what answer will you give him in the Assembly?

How beautiful this is, my dearest Praxagora, how clever! But where, pray, did you learn all these pretty things?

PRAXAGORA: When the countryfolk were seeking refuge in the city, I lived on the Pnyx with my husband, and there I learnt to speak through listening to the orators.

FIRST WOMAN: Then, dear, 'tis not astonishing that you are so eloquent and clever; henceforward you shall be our leader, so put your great ideas into execution. But if Cephalus belches forth insults against you, what answer will you give him in the Assembly?

I shall say that he drivels.

FIRST WOMAN: But all the world knows that.

PRAXAGORA: I shall furthermore say that he is a raving madman.

FIRST WOMAN: There's nobody who does not know it.

PRAXAGORA: That he, as excellent a statesman as he is, is a clumsy tinker.

FIRST WOMAN: And if the blear-eyed Neoclides comes to insult you?

PRAXAGORA: To him I shall say, "Go and look at a dog's backside".

FIRST WOMAN: And if they fly at you?

Oh! I shall shake them off as best I can; never fear, I know how to use this tool.

FIRST WOMAN: But there is one thing we don't think of. If the archers drag you away, what will you do?

PRAXAGORA: With my arms akimbo like this, I will never, never let myself be taken round the middle.

FIRST WOMAN: If they seize you, we will bid them let you go.

SECOND WOMAN: That's the best way. But how are we going to lift up our arm in the Assembly, we, who only know how to lift our legs in the act of love?

'Tis difficult; yet it must be done, and the arm shown naked to the shoulder in order to vote. Quick now, put on these tunics and these Laconian shoes, as you see the men do each time they go to the Assembly or for a walk. Then this done, fix on your beards, and when they are arranged in the best way possible, dress yourselves in the cloaks you have abstracted from your husbands; finally start off leaning on your staffs and singing some old man's song as the villagers do.