καλός

A. beautiful, of outward form, freq. of persons, κάλλιστος ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθεν Il. 2.673: in Hom. usu. in the phrase κ. τε μέγας τε Il. 21.108, al.; μέγας καὶ κ. Od. 9.513; καλή τε μεγάλη τε 13.289, 15.418; καλὸς δέμας beautiful of form, 17.307; κ. ἰδέᾳ Pi. O. 10 (11).103; εἶδος κάλλιστος X. Cyr. 1.2.1; κ. τὸ σῶμα Id. Mem. 2.6.30; τὰς ὄψεις Theopomp.Hist. 195; Χορῷ καλή beauteous in the dance, Il. 16.180: c. inf., καλλίονες καὶ μείζονες εἰσοράασθαι Od. 10.396; ἐσορᾶν κ. Pi. O. 8.19: freq. of parts of the body, fair, shapely, κ. πρόσωπα, ὅμματα, παρήϊα, σφυρά, Il. 19.285, 23.66, Od. 19.208, Il. 4.147; Χρώς 5.354, al.; of clothes, εἵματα, φάρεα, Χιτών, Χλαῖνα, πέδιλα, Od. 6.111, 24.277, Il. 2.43, Od. 10.365, 1.96; πέπλος κάλλιστος ποικίλμασιν ἠδὲ μέγιστος Il. 6.294; of arms and armour, κνημῖδες, ἀσπίς, σάκος, κόρυς, φάσγανα, ἔντεα, 3.331, 11.33, 22.314, 18.612, 15.713, Od. 19.18; of buildings, manufactured articles, etc., αὐλὴ κ. τε μεγάλη τε 14.7; κ. δώματα, τεῖχος, πόλιες, 3.387, Il. 21.447, 18.491; ἄμαξα, τράπεζα, θρόνος, 24.267, 11.629, Od. 1.131; also τέμενος, ἀγρός, Il. 12.314, Od. 24.206; so after Hom., Λύδιον κ. ἔργον Sapph. 19, etc.; ἐέρσα κ. ead.Supp. 25.12.

2. in Att. added to a name in token of love or admiration, as Ἀρίσημος κ. IG 12.921, etc.; ἐν τοῖσι τοίχοις ἔγραφ’ "Ἀθηναῖοι καλοί" Ar. Ach. 144, cf.V. 98; Ἀλκιβιάδης ὁ καλός, Σαπφὼ ἡ καλή, Pl. Alc. 1.113b, Phdr. 235c.

b. ἡ Καλή or Καλλίστη, as epith., A. Ag. 140 (lyr.), Paus. 1.29.2, CIG 4445 (Beroea).

c. Καλοί,οἱ, divinities worshipped in childbirth, IG 5(1).1445 (Messene, ii B. C.).

3. τὸ καλόν beauty, Sapph. 79, E. IA 21 (anap.), etc.; τὰ καλά the proprieties or elegancies of life, Hdt. 1.8, 207; ἁπάντων καλῶν ἄμμορος Pi. O. 1.84; αἱ τέχναι ἃς πηγάς φασι τῶν κ. εἶναι X. Cyr. 7.2.13.

II. with ref. to use, good, of fine quality, κ. λιμήν Od. 6.263; Βορέῃ ἀνέμῳ . . καλῷ fair, 14.253, 299; κ. ἀργύριον, opp. κίβδηλον, genuine silver, X. Mem. 3.1.9; opp. ἀποτετριμμένον, good silver currency, PCair.Zen. 21.33 (iii B. C.); ἐλαῖαι PHib. 1.49.12 (iii B. C.); γῆ Ev.Luc. 8.15; κ. οἶνος PFay. 133.8 (iv A. D.); στρατόπεδον κάλλιστον Th. 5.60; ἀνταπεδώκατε πονηρὰ ἀντὶ καλῶν LXX Ge. 44.4; κ. ἐς στρατιάν X. Cyr. 3.3.6; πρός τι Pl. Hp.Ma. 295c, Grg. 474d, etc.: c. inf., λόφος κάλλιστος τρέχειν X. An. 4.8.26; ἐν καλῷ [τόπῳ] in a good place, καθίζεσθαι, ὁρμεῖν, Ar. Th. 292, X. HG 2.1.25; ἐν καλῷ μὲν τοῦ κόλπου καὶ τῶν πόλεων, ἐν κ. δὲ τοῦ τὴν Χώραν βλάπτειν, ib.6.2.9; ἐν καλῷ under favourable circumstances, Th. 5.59.60; ἐν κ. (sc. Χρόνῳ) in good time, in season, E. IA 1106; ἐν οὐ κ. Id. Or. 579; ἐν καλῷ [ἐστι] c. inf., S. El. 384 (so καλόν ἐστι c. inf., Id. Ph. 1155 (lyr.), Ar. Pax 278, Th. 8.2); ἐς καλόν S. OT 78, Pl. Men. 89e, Smp. 174e; τί γὰρ ἐμοὶ ζῆν καλόν; what is the good of life to me? Ph. 2.594; καλῇ πίστει, = Lat.bona fide, PTeb. 418.14 (iii A. D.).

2. of sacrifices, auspicious, σφάγια A. Th. 379; οἰωνοί E. Ion 1333; ἱερά Th. 4.92; τὸ τέλος κ. τῆς ἐξόδου X. An. 5.2.9; κ. τὰ ἱερὰ ἦν αὐτῷ Id. Cyr. 3.2.3: c. inf., ἰέναι . . κ. ἡμῖν τὰ ἱερὰ ἦν Id. An. 2.2.3: Com., τὰ τῆς πυγῆς κ. (for τοῦ θεοῦ) Ar. Pax 868.

III. in a moral sense, beautiful, noble, honourable, in Hom. only in neut., οὐ καλὸν ἔειπες Od. 8.166, cf. 17.381; μεῖζον κλέος . . καὶ κάλλιον 18.255; freq. καλόν [ἐστι] c. inf., κ. τοι σὺν ἐμοὶ τὸν κήδειν ὅς κ’ ἐμὲ κήδῃ Il. 9.615; οὐ γὰρ ἔμοιγε κ. (sc. ἄρχειν) 21.440; οὐ κ. ἀτέμβειν οὐδὲ δίκαιον Od. 20.294; so in Trag., καλόν μοι τοῦτο ποιούσῃ θανεῖν S. Ant. 72, etc.; μάθετε καλὸν ποιεῖν LXX Is. 1.17: Comp., οὐ μέν τοι τόδε κάλλιον οὐδὲ ἔοικε Od. 7.159, cf. Il. 24.52; after Hom. freq. of actions, etc., κάλων κἄσλων Sapph. Supp. 2.4 (unless of persons here); κ. ἔργματα noble deeds, Pi. I. 4(3).42, cf. S. Fr. 839, etc.; ἀναστροφὴ κ. 1 Ep.Pet. 2.12: in pl., excellences, πλῆθος καλῶν Pi. O. 13.45; πολλῶν καλῶν δεῖ τῷ καλόν τι μωμένῳ S. Fr. 938; τὰ τοῦ παιδὸς κ. X. Smp. 8.17.

2. τὸ κ. moral beauty, virtue, honour, opp. τὸ αἰσχρόν, Id. Mem. 1.1.16, cf. Pl. Smp. 183d, etc.; ὅττι καλόν, φίλον ἐστί, τὸ δ’ οὐ καλὸν οὐ φίλον ἐστίν Thgn. 17, cf. E. Ba. 881 (lyr.), Pl. Ly. 216c; οὐ ταὐτὸν ἡγῇ σύ, ὡς ἔοικας, κ. τε καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ κακὸν καὶ αἰσχρόν Id. Grg. 474d, cf. Smp. 201e; τοὐμὸν κ. E. Supp. 300.

3. of persons, in early writers coupled with ἀγαθός, v. καλοκἀγαθός; later κ. ποιμήν Ev.Jo. 10.11; κ. στρατιώτης 2 Ep.Tim. 2.3.

IV. in Att. and Trag. freq. ironically, fine, specious, γέρας κ. A. Eu. 209; κ. γὰρ οὑμὸς βίοτος ὥστε θαυμάσαι S. El. 393, cf. E. Ba. 652; κ. Χάρις D. 9.65; κ. ὕβριν ὑβρισμένοι Id. 23.121; καί σοι . . θωπεῦσαι καλόν S. OC 1003; μετ’ ὀνομάτων καλῶν Th. 5.89.

B. Degrees of Comp.: Comp. καλλίων,ον, Il. 24.52, Od. 10.396, etc.: neut. κάλιον [α] Alc. 134: Sup. κάλλιστος,η, ον, Il. 20.233, etc.; late καλλιώτερος or ‐ότερος, POxy. 1672.6 (i A. D.), Sch.E. Tr. 966; also καλώτερος Hdn. Epim. 69.

C. Adv.:—Poets freq. use neut. καλόν as Adv., κ. ἀείδειν Il. 18.570, Od. 1.155; καλά Il. 6.326; later τὸ κ. Theoc. 3.3, 18, Call. Epigr. 53, Herod. 1.54.

II. regul. Adv. καλῶς (Dor. καλώς Sophr. 22), well, rightly, οὐδ’ ἔτι κ. οἶκος ἐμὸς διόλωλε Od. 2.64; κ. ζῆν, τεθνηκέναι, etc., S. Aj. 479, etc.; κ. φρονεῖν to be in one's right mind, Id. Fr. 836; οὐ κ. ταρβεῖς Id. Tr. 457; κ. ἀγωνιεῖσθαι fairly, on the merits of the case, Lys. 13.88; Χρήματα δατῆθθαι κ. Leg.Gort. 4.39; κ. εἰρημένα S. Fr. 576.6; κάλλιον λέγεις Pl. Tht. 161b; κάλλιστ’ ἂν εἴποι S. OT 1172: freq. in phrase καλῶς καὶ εὖ, καλῶς τε καὶ εὖ, Pl. Prt. 319e, Prm. 128b, etc.

2. of good fortune, well, happily, κ. πράσσειν, = εὖ π., A. Pr. 979, S. Ant. 271; κ. καὶ εὖ πράττειν Pl. Chrm. 172a; κ. ἔχειν to be well, A. Th. 799, etc.; κ. ἔχει σοι Ar. Ach. 946, cf. S. El. 816; κ. ἔχει c. inf., 'tis well to . . , X. Mem. 3.11.1: c. gen., κ. ἔχειν τινός to be well off in respect to a thing, Hp. Superf. 29; κ. παράπλου κεῖσθαι Th. 1.36; εἰ κ. σφίσιν ἔχοι Id. 4.117; οὔτε τοῖς θεοῖς ἔφη κ. ἔχειν, εἰ . . X. Mem. 1.3.3; καλλιόνως ἔχει Pl. Tht. 169e, etc.; κάλλιστα ἕζει Id. Hp.Ma. 295b.

3. καλῶς, = πάνυ, thoroughly, altogether, τὸν κ. εὐδαίμονα A. Fr. 317, = S. Fr. 934; κ. ἔξοιδα Id. OC 269, cf. OT 1008; κ. ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς διεφθάρθαι D.S. 13.108: Comp., κάλλιον εἰδέναι Pl. Hp.Ma. 300d; κάλλιον ἐοικέναι to be just like , Hp. Genit. 8.

4. κ. ἀκούειν to be well spoken of, Men. Mon. 285, Plu. 2.177e.

5. κ. ποιῶν rightly, deservedly, κ. ποιῶν ἀπόλλυται Ar. Pl. 863, cf. D. 1.28, al., Aeschin. 3.232; in requests, κ. ποιήσεις πριάμενος, etc., PPetr. 3p.143 (iii B. C.), etc.; also c. inf., κ. π. γράψαι BGU 1203.7 (i B. C.), etc.

6. in answers, to approve the words of the former speaker, well said! E. Or. 1216, D. 39.15; also, to decline an offer courteously, no, thank you! Ar. Ra. 888; κ. ἔχει Antiph. 165, Men. Pk. 266; πάνυ κ. Ar. Ra. 512; ἀμέλει κ. ib.532: Sup., κάλλιστ’, ἐπαινῶ ib.508; ἔχει κάλλιστα Theoc. 15.3.

7. ironically, finely, καλῶς ἐρήμης γ’ ἂν σὺ γῆς ἄρχοις μόνος S. Ant. 739, cf. E. Med. 588, Ar. Eq. 344, Din. 1.69.

8. κ. ὁ ἱερεύς hurrah for the priest! SIG 1109.14 (Athens, ii A. D.).

9. repeated with the Adj., καλὴ καλῶς Ar. Ach. 253, Pax 1330, Ec. 730; καλὸς κάλλιστά τε ῥέξαις Pi. O. 9.94.

10. Comp. καλλιόνως Pl. Tht. l.c., Lg. 660d: Sup. καλλίστως PMag.Par. 1.2443,2465, Sch.E. Hec. 310.

D. for compds., v. καλλι‐, καλο‐.

E. Quantity: α in Ep. and early Iamb. Poets (exc. h.Ven. 29, Hes. Op. 63, Th. 585): α in Lyr. (exc. καλῶς B. 12.206) and Trag. (A. Fr. 314, S. Ph. 1381 are corrupt).--In Eleg., Epigr., and Bucol. Poets α or α (the latter usu. in thesi); τὰ μὴ καλὰ καλὰ πέφανται Theoc. 6.19, cf. Herod. 7.115, Call. Jov. 55.--In Comp., ι in Hom., ι in Trag. and later.